Mobile Networks and Last-Mile Connectivity in Indonesia: Empowering Digital Inclusion Across the Archipelago

Mobile networks and last-mile connectivity in Indonesia represent a critical frontier in bridging the digital divide across thousands of islands. As one of the world’s largest archipelagos, Indonesia faces unique geographical and infrastructural challenges that make connecting remote communities a remarkable technological feat. Understanding how these mobile solutions work reveals not only the complexity of engineering but also the country’s commitment to inclusive progress.

Beyond cables and towers, Indonesia’s approach to connectivity highlights human resilience and innovation. Through mobile networks, Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), and hybrid solutions, millions of people gain access to education, healthcare, and digital markets. In line with our main pillar article Innovation in Indonesia: How Unique Solutions Drive Change, this in-depth analysis explores how connectivity becomes the backbone of social and economic transformation across the nation’s diverse landscapes.

Understanding Indonesia’s Last-Mile Challenge

This video, “Empowering Indonesia: Adit’s Journey in Search of Mobile Network Coverage in South Cianjur,” by Ericsson Indonesia, follows the real-life struggles of communities in remote regions to access reliable mobile coverage. It highlights the collaborative spirit between operators and citizens in extending signal reach, showing that connectivity is more than technology—it’s a shared mission of inclusion. Adit’s story represents thousands of Indonesians whose lives transform once connected to the digital world.

Geographical Barriers in an Archipelagic Nation

Indonesia’s geography, composed of over 17,000 islands, presents one of the toughest connectivity challenges in the world. Mountainous terrains, deep valleys, and vast ocean gaps make fiber installation expensive and time-consuming. Many islands rely on limited satellite coverage or unstable mobile networks, leaving millions in digital isolation.

To overcome this, the government and telecom providers have had to innovate with hybrid connectivity models. These include the integration of microwave links, undersea cables, and localized BTS (base transceiver stations) powered by solar energy. This multi-layered approach enables even small villages to access mobile signals without waiting for full-scale fiber expansion.

Indonesia’s struggle and success in connecting its islands serve as a global case study for other archipelagic or geographically fragmented nations. It demonstrates that strategic innovation, rather than size alone, determines how a country can achieve inclusive connectivity.

Infrastructure Gaps Between Urban and Rural Areas

The disparity in internet access between urban and rural Indonesia remains significant. While cities like Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya enjoy fast 4G and emerging 5G services, many rural districts still depend on basic 2G or intermittent connections. This imbalance affects access to online education, digital health services, and e-commerce opportunities.

Bridging this gap requires not only infrastructure investment but also policy alignment. Initiatives such as Palapa Ring and the BAKTI (Telecommunication and Information Accessibility Agency) projects are actively reducing this inequality by linking rural areas to national backbone networks. These public–private collaborations ensure that economic progress doesn’t remain concentrated in urban hubs.

As the digital divide narrows, rural communities begin to experience the social and economic benefits of being online—from agricultural innovations to small business digitalization. These outcomes validate the notion that connectivity is the foundation of equitable development.

Why Last-Mile Connectivity Matters for Development

Last-mile connectivity is the final and most critical link in Indonesia’s digital transformation chain. It defines whether technology truly reaches people’s daily lives or remains an urban privilege. Without effective last-mile networks, even the most advanced national infrastructure cannot ensure equal participation in the digital economy.

Reliable mobile access allows farmers to check market prices, students to attend online classes, and healthcare workers to provide telemedicine services. The result is a more informed, efficient, and connected society. By focusing on the last mile, Indonesia ensures that innovation serves every citizen—not just those in major cities.

Globally, this approach positions Indonesia as a model for inclusive connectivity strategies in developing economies. It turns what was once a technological challenge into a socio-economic advantage.

National Programs Addressing Connectivity Gaps (BAKTI and Palapa Ring)

The government of Indonesia has implemented ambitious programs such as Palapa Ring—a nationwide fiber optic project spanning over 35,000 kilometers—and BAKTI, which deploys telecommunication towers and public Wi-Fi in rural areas. Together, these programs form the backbone of Indonesia’s digital inclusion efforts.

Through BAKTI, thousands of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) have been built in frontier regions, enabling 4G coverage for previously isolated communities. These efforts often combine terrestrial and satellite technologies, ensuring connectivity in even the most remote islands. The Palapa Ring’s completion has reduced latency and increased data reliability across the nation.

Such large-scale infrastructure investments not only connect homes but also enable schools, healthcare centers, and small enterprises to participate in Indonesia’s growing digital economy. This systematic expansion marks a major milestone toward achieving national digital equity.

The Human Side of Connectivity

Beyond technical milestones, the true success of Indonesia’s connectivity lies in its human stories. From students accessing online education for the first time to small entrepreneurs selling handmade crafts via mobile platforms, digital access reshapes lives. Connectivity becomes a gateway to empowerment, dignity, and opportunity.

In South Cianjur, for example, Adit’s community experienced a transformation once mobile coverage was established. Local youth began using e-learning apps, and farmers could access weather forecasts to plan harvests. These seemingly small improvements create ripple effects across local economies and well-being.

Ultimately, the human dimension of last-mile connectivity redefines Indonesia’s digital vision. It’s not merely about linking devices—it’s about connecting people, communities, and futures across vast waters and diverse cultures.

Mobile Networks as Catalysts for Digital Inclusion

The video “A Surging Movement for Connectivity” by World Bank Indonesia explores how mobile connectivity enables inclusive growth across remote communities. It presents real examples of how access to mobile internet transforms livelihoods, supporting financial inclusion, education, and local entrepreneurship. This initiative shows that digital inclusion is not only about infrastructure, but also about empowerment, knowledge, and participation in Indonesia’s growing digital economy.

Expanding 4G and 5G Coverage to Frontier Regions

Indonesia’s mobile network expansion has been nothing short of transformative. Major operators like Telkomsel, XL Axiata, and Indosat have deployed thousands of new base transceiver stations (BTS) to extend 4G and 5G services into frontier regions. These efforts bring digital access to previously unreachable areas—from mountain villages in Papua to small fishing communities in Maluku.

Unlike earlier projects focused only on dense populations, the new wave of expansion prioritizes inclusivity. With support from the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Kominfo) and the BAKTI agency, these operators ensure that coverage maps are no longer blank in the eastern part of the country. The presence of strong mobile networks means that public services, local businesses, and households can now rely on consistent digital access.

This geographic inclusion also lays the foundation for economic integration across regions. When a family in Flores can stream online classes or a farmer in Nias can sell produce through mobile marketplaces, the entire archipelago begins to function as a unified digital society.

The Role of Fixed Wireless Access (FWA)

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) has emerged as a powerful bridge between mobile and fixed-line connectivity. In Indonesia, where laying fiber cables to every island is not feasible, FWA provides a rapid, cost-effective solution to connect rural households and small businesses. It uses 4G or 5G radio signals to deliver broadband-level internet to fixed receivers, bypassing traditional cabling needs.

Telecom companies are increasingly investing in FWA solutions to accelerate coverage expansion. Pilot projects in Kalimantan and eastern Indonesia have shown that FWA can achieve stable download speeds suitable for e-learning, remote work, and telemedicine. These successes make FWA one of the most promising tools for Indonesia’s digital inclusion roadmap.

By deploying FWA alongside mobile base stations, Indonesia can deliver reliable internet without waiting years for fiber completion. This flexibility ensures that no region is left disconnected simply due to its terrain or economic limitations.

Community Access Points and Village Wi-Fi Projects

Community access points and village Wi-Fi initiatives are central to Indonesia’s mission of connecting the unconnected. Through the BAKTI Universal Service Obligation program, thousands of public Wi-Fi hotspots have been installed across schools, community centers, and health facilities in rural regions. These access points serve as digital gateways for entire communities.

In many villages, such Wi-Fi points are the first form of internet access available. They enable teachers to download educational materials, health workers to report data online, and local businesses to explore digital payment systems. The shared access model promotes inclusivity even for those who cannot yet afford personal mobile data plans.

Over time, these public access initiatives generate local digital literacy and create demand for private mobile services. This symbiosis between public connectivity and private adoption accelerates Indonesia’s path toward universal digital participation.

Mobile Connectivity and MSME Empowerment

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) form the backbone of Indonesia’s economy, and mobile connectivity has redefined how they operate. Through affordable mobile data and app-based marketplaces, entrepreneurs in remote areas can now reach national and international customers. Services like Gojek, Grab, Tokopedia, and Shopee provide a lifeline for millions of small vendors.

Access to real-time information enables better business decisions. MSMEs use WhatsApp and social media to advertise, negotiate, and manage logistics. With QRIS (Quick Response Indonesian Standard) digital payments, even small stalls in remote regions can participate in the digital economy safely and efficiently.

These developments show that digital inclusion goes beyond access—it creates pathways for sustainable livelihoods. Mobile connectivity turns small enterprises into agile, connected participants in Indonesia’s economic future.

Bridging Education and Health Gaps Through Mobile Access

Mobile networks are closing gaps in education and healthcare, especially in areas lacking physical infrastructure. Students in rural Indonesia access e-learning platforms through smartphones, while healthcare professionals use telemedicine apps to diagnose and consult patients remotely. This shift has been accelerated by improved mobile broadband and expanded 4G coverage.

Organizations and startups have launched education-focused applications that function even with low bandwidth. Meanwhile, mobile-based health systems like Halodoc and Alodokter extend medical advice to areas where clinics are scarce. These solutions leverage mobile connectivity as a lifeline, rather than a luxury.

By enabling both digital education and remote healthcare, Indonesia’s mobile networks have proven that technology can equalize opportunities. Connectivity thus becomes not just a communication tool, but a driver of social welfare and national resilience.

The Socio-Economic Impact of Last-Mile Solutions

The video “Indonesia Accelerates Development of Telecoms Infrastructure to Support Digital Economy” by CNA Insider provides a comprehensive look at how telecommunications infrastructure fuels Indonesia’s emerging digital economy. It features case studies showing how new base stations, fiber links, and wireless access networks reshape economic opportunities in remote communities. The footage emphasizes that last-mile connectivity is not just a technical milestone—it’s a human story of progress and inclusion.

Improving Livelihoods Through Connectivity

Last-mile solutions have a direct impact on local livelihoods. When rural communities gain mobile coverage, they also gain access to broader markets, digital banking, and government services. Farmers can now monitor commodity prices in real time, fishermen can sell their catch through online marketplaces, and artisans can reach global buyers through e-commerce platforms.

These seemingly small improvements create powerful ripple effects. Increased income circulation stimulates local economies and attracts investment to peripheral regions. With better access to digital tools, rural entrepreneurs are no longer constrained by physical boundaries—they can compete and collaborate beyond their islands.

This transformation illustrates how connectivity acts as an equalizer in Indonesia’s development story. By linking isolated producers to national and international markets, mobile networks convert innovation into inclusive economic growth.

Digital Literacy and Capacity Building

While connectivity provides access, literacy ensures impact. Digital literacy programs across Indonesia help communities understand how to use mobile technologies productively and safely. Local governments, NGOs, and telcos collaborate to offer workshops on topics such as mobile finance, online safety, and e-commerce management.

For example, initiatives by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology have trained thousands of village facilitators to support digital adoption. These facilitators, in turn, teach residents how to navigate apps, register businesses online, and protect personal data. Such community-driven education strengthens digital inclusion from the ground up.

By combining access with knowledge, Indonesia ensures that digital expansion translates into tangible empowerment. Literacy transforms connectivity from a technical achievement into a social capability.

Inclusion for Women and Youth Entrepreneurs

Women and young entrepreneurs are among the biggest beneficiaries of last-mile connectivity. With mobile access, women-led businesses can operate from home while reaching national markets. Many female entrepreneurs use social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and WhatsApp Business to promote products and connect with customers.

Meanwhile, young innovators in rural areas are creating micro-enterprises powered by digital tools—from graphic design services to online tutoring and local logistics startups. These opportunities reduce urban migration pressures and foster regional creativity. Digital inclusion thus supports both economic equality and demographic balance.

By enabling underrepresented groups to thrive, last-mile solutions reinforce gender equity and youth empowerment—key pillars of Indonesia’s inclusive growth agenda.

Local Innovation Emerging from Connectivity

Connectivity does not just import innovation—it cultivates it locally. Once communities gain stable internet access, new ideas flourish organically. Villagers experiment with digital cooperatives, online tourism initiatives, and mobile-based information services tailored to local needs. The combination of mobile access and creativity sparks localized innovation ecosystems.

Examples include rural startups that develop weather-tracking apps for farmers, or mobile payment systems designed for low-bandwidth areas. These initiatives prove that innovation can emerge from the grassroots once connectivity removes structural barriers. Local innovation, in turn, enhances resilience and encourages self-reliance.

This dynamic shows how technology, when democratized, can accelerate social progress. Indonesia’s archipelagic geography is no longer a constraint—it becomes a distributed network of innovation hubs.

Reducing the Digital Divide: Indicators and Progress

Closing Indonesia’s digital divide is measurable through clear indicators such as internet penetration, data affordability, and rural coverage rates. According to Kominfo and BAKTI reports, mobile broadband penetration has surpassed 80% nationally, while rural connectivity continues to expand each year. The cost of mobile data in Indonesia is among the lowest in ASEAN, which supports mass digital adoption.

However, access quality and speed remain uneven across provinces. Continued investment in mobile towers, backhaul fiber, and satellite integration is crucial to achieving parity. As infrastructure matures, more Indonesians can fully participate in e-commerce, education, and e-government services.

By monitoring and addressing these gaps, Indonesia sustains its progress toward equitable digital transformation. Last-mile solutions thus evolve from a technological project into a social contract—ensuring that every citizen has the right to connect, learn, and thrive.

Technology Integration: Hybrid Models for the Archipelago

The video “#VIDInsight Vol 2: Membangun Jaringan Giga LTE Indonesia” by XL Axiata Official showcases Indonesia’s cutting-edge approach to building an integrated telecommunication system. It reveals how fiber optics, mobile LTE, and wireless technologies merge to deliver seamless connectivity across the nation’s complex geography. By highlighting real engineering efforts in challenging terrains, the video captures how hybrid network models redefine what’s possible in Indonesia’s archipelago.

Combining Fiber Optics, Mobile Networks, and Satellites

Indonesia’s connectivity strategy increasingly depends on the integration of multiple technologies. Fiber optics provide high-capacity backbones in urban and inter-island corridors, while mobile networks extend this capacity into smaller regions. Satellites complement these systems by linking islands too remote or costly to reach via cables.

This hybrid framework ensures reliability and scalability. When fiber networks are disrupted, mobile and satellite connections maintain service continuity. Conversely, fiber deployment in major routes improves the efficiency of mobile data transfer. The synergy among these technologies forms the foundation of Indonesia’s resilient connectivity ecosystem.

Such integration is not only practical—it’s visionary. It enables Indonesia to turn geographical fragmentation into a technological advantage, positioning the country as a pioneer in multi-layered network design among developing nations.

Fixed Wireless Access in Coastal and Mountain Regions

In many coastal and mountainous areas, building underground or submarine cables is economically and physically prohibitive. Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) provides an adaptable alternative by transmitting high-speed data over radio frequencies. With minimal infrastructure and shorter deployment times, FWA bridges the gap between mobile and wired connections.

In eastern Indonesia, for instance, villages in North Maluku and Central Sulawesi have adopted hybrid FWA systems supported by 4G or 5G base stations. These setups supply connectivity to local schools, clinics, and cooperatives, often powered by renewable energy. The simplicity of FWA makes it ideal for archipelagic deployment where terrain diversity challenges traditional cabling methods.

By optimizing FWA with adaptive antennas and dynamic bandwidth allocation, Indonesia demonstrates how modern wireless systems can perform at near-fiber quality. It transforms connectivity from an urban privilege into a nationwide standard.

Starlink and SATRIA: Complementary Satellite Systems

Satellites are vital to Indonesia’s hybrid network architecture. The government’s SATRIA-1 satellite, launched to expand broadband coverage for public institutions, works alongside commercial constellations such as Starlink. This combination of geostationary and low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellites ensures consistent, high-capacity coverage even in the most remote islands.

Unlike traditional models that rely on one satellite network, Indonesia’s mixed approach leverages the strengths of both systems—SATRIA’s wide footprint and Starlink’s low latency. Schools, community health centers, and administrative offices benefit from this diversity, receiving stable connections regardless of local conditions.

As these systems mature, satellite connectivity becomes an integral pillar of Indonesia’s digital inclusion strategy. The collaboration between national agencies and global providers shows that connectivity can transcend borders through innovation and partnership.

Energy and Infrastructure Challenges in Remote Sites

Maintaining hybrid networks in remote regions requires consistent energy supply and robust infrastructure. Many BTS towers and FWA stations operate in areas without grid electricity, relying instead on solar panels, micro-hydro generators, or hybrid battery systems. This approach not only sustains operations but also aligns with Indonesia’s commitment to renewable energy.

However, infrastructure challenges persist—ranging from transportation difficulties to equipment maintenance in humid, storm-prone environments. To overcome these, operators employ modular tower designs, remote monitoring, and drone-based maintenance checks. These innovations minimize downtime and operational costs across scattered sites.

By integrating green power solutions with resilient design, Indonesia ensures that its hybrid networks remain both sustainable and dependable. It demonstrates that inclusive connectivity can coexist with environmental responsibility.

Toward Sustainable and Resilient Connectivity Models

The ultimate goal of Indonesia’s hybrid connectivity model is sustainability—technological, economic, and environmental. Sustainable systems ensure that rural connections remain affordable and reliable long after initial deployment. This involves optimizing bandwidth usage, recycling telecom equipment, and promoting energy-efficient operations.

Resilience, on the other hand, focuses on adaptability. Hybrid networks must endure natural disasters, power outages, and surging data demands. Indonesia’s experience during earthquakes and floods has shown that decentralized networks can recover faster when multiple technologies are integrated into a single framework.

Through continuous innovation and collaboration, Indonesia is redefining what sustainable connectivity looks like in the developing world. The nation’s hybrid model stands as both a technical achievement and a symbol of inclusive modernization across its diverse archipelago.

Policy, Partnerships, and the Road Ahead

The video “Heard on the Street – Driving Indonesia’s Telco Evolution and Digital Transformation” by Telstra International explores how collaboration between the government, private sector, and global partners accelerates Indonesia’s digital future. It highlights regulatory reforms, investment strategies, and innovation ecosystems that enable rapid expansion of mobile networks. The discussion underscores one key message — inclusive connectivity thrives when policy, technology, and partnerships move in harmony.

Public–Private Partnerships in Connectivity Projects

Indonesia’s success in expanding last-mile networks stems from dynamic cooperation between public institutions and private operators. The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Kominfo) and the Telecommunications and Information Accessibility Agency (BAKTI) often partner with telcos such as Telkomsel, XL Axiata, and Indosat to implement rural connectivity projects. These collaborations align commercial incentives with national development goals.

Public–private partnerships (PPP) help share the financial and operational burdens of large-scale deployments. While the government provides spectrum, subsidies, or access to state-owned infrastructure, private players bring technological expertise and efficiency. This synergy ensures faster rollout and better quality of service in regions where independent operations would be unfeasible.

Beyond short-term gains, PPPs create a governance model that builds accountability and sustainability. They foster innovation ecosystems where government agencies act not as regulators alone but as facilitators of inclusive growth.

Government Incentives and Regulatory Frameworks

Supportive regulation has been instrumental in driving Indonesia’s digital expansion. Simplified licensing for tower construction, tax incentives for R&D, and relaxed import duties on telecom equipment have encouraged investment. Policies under Making Indonesia 4.0 and the Digital Indonesia Roadmap 2021-2024 reinforce this momentum by prioritizing digital infrastructure as a national pillar of growth.

Moreover, the government continues to refine spectrum allocation and universal service obligations to ensure equitable distribution of connectivity benefits. Regulatory sandbox initiatives also allow startups to test innovative telecom solutions before nationwide deployment. This flexibility attracts investors while maintaining public interest safeguards.

As Indonesia transitions toward a fully digital society, such agile policy frameworks will be essential to sustain progress. Regulation, when adaptive and forward-looking, becomes a catalyst rather than a constraint for innovation.

International Cooperation and Donor Support

Indonesia’s connectivity journey is strengthened by international cooperation and multilateral partnerships. Global organizations such as the World Bank, ITU, and UNDP have provided funding, policy guidance, and technical expertise for rural broadband initiatives. These collaborations ensure that Indonesia’s programs align with global standards for digital inclusion and sustainable development.

Bilateral partnerships, including those with Australia, Japan, and South Korea, contribute to knowledge exchange and joint R&D. Satellite technology transfer, cybersecurity training, and smart-city pilots are examples of the tangible outcomes of these collaborations. They help Indonesia modernize its network infrastructure while cultivating human capital.

By embracing global collaboration, Indonesia positions itself as both a beneficiary and a contributor in the international digital landscape. It demonstrates how collective effort can accelerate national transformation while promoting regional stability.

Investment Opportunities in Rural Telecom Infrastructure

The growth of rural connectivity opens new frontiers for investors. With Indonesia’s population exceeding 270 million, the demand for affordable and reliable internet continues to surge. Telecom infrastructure investments now span beyond urban centers into rural fiber networks, tower leasing, and renewable-energy-powered base stations.

Private equity firms and impact investors are increasingly interested in funding small-scale, community-based telecom ventures. These include cooperatives that manage Wi-Fi networks, local ISPs, and satellite connectivity services. Such investments generate sustainable returns while supporting the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

For foreign and domestic investors alike, Indonesia’s archipelagic landscape represents not a logistical challenge but an untapped opportunity. Each connected island expands the country’s digital economy and strengthens its role as Southeast Asia’s innovation hub.

Vision 2045: Indonesia’s Long-Term Connectivity Goals

Indonesia’s Vision 2045 outlines an ambitious future where digital inclusion underpins national prosperity. The goal is clear — to make every Indonesian a participant in the digital economy, regardless of geography. This vision integrates connectivity with broader priorities such as green energy, education, and sustainable urbanization.

By 2045, Indonesia aims to establish universal broadband access supported by 5G and next-generation satellite networks. The continued rollout of hybrid infrastructures and digital literacy programs ensures that no region remains disconnected. These efforts will pave the way for smart villages, data-driven agriculture, and resilient public services.

In this long-term roadmap, connectivity is not just infrastructure; it is the nervous system of a modern nation. Through policy coherence and enduring partnerships, Indonesia is charting a path where digital equality becomes a cornerstone of its centennial progress.

FAQ About Mobile Networks and Last-Mile Connectivity in Indonesia

Final Reflections

Indonesia’s journey toward digital inclusion reflects the strength of innovation, collaboration, and resilience across an archipelago of immense diversity. Mobile networks and last-mile solutions have transformed from mere infrastructure into enablers of human progress—connecting classrooms, hospitals, and small enterprises that were once out of reach. Each new signal tower or FWA deployment represents not just technology, but opportunity.

Through hybrid connectivity models that combine fiber, mobile, and satellite systems, Indonesia demonstrates how challenges can evolve into catalysts for innovation. National programs like Palapa Ring and BAKTI show that inclusive digital transformation requires both strong policy direction and local participation. This synergy has made connectivity a shared national mission rather than a commercial endeavor alone, aligning with the broader spirit of Innovation in Indonesia: How Unique Solutions Drive Change.

As Indonesia advances toward its Vision 2045, the nation’s digital future depends on maintaining balance—between progress and inclusion, between technology and humanity. In that balance lies the true success of Indonesia’s digital era: a connected archipelago where every voice, from the busiest city to the most distant island, can participate in shaping the nation’s future.

Explore More About Indonesia

If you’re interested in how technology intersects with education and social progress, you may enjoy exploring Education in Indonesia. The article offers broader insights into learning access and human development within the country’s evolving digital landscape.

You might also want to visit Economy of Indonesia, which discusses various aspects of national growth and transformation. It provides additional context for understanding how digital change contributes to economic opportunities and inclusion across regions.

Or, if you’re curious about how technology supports essential public services, Indonesia’s Healthcare System: A Comprehensive Guide for Expats and International Travelers offers an interesting perspective on healthcare accessibility and innovation in the digital era.

Trusted References

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2. Aulia Hadi (2018). “Bridging Indonesia’s Digital Divide: Rural-Urban Linkages?” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Vol 22, Issue 1, July 2018. DOI: 10.22146/jsp.31835.
3. Muhammad Kevin Adityo & Muhammad Imam Nashiruddin (2021). “5G Fixed Wireless Access Network for Urban Residential Market: A Case of Indonesia.” Proceedings of IEEE IoTaIS 2021. DOI: 10.1109/IoTaIS53735.2021.9628442.